From which spinal vertebrae does the hypogastric nerve originate in dogs?

The hypogastric nerve in dogs originates from the spinal vertebrae L1 to L4. This nerve is part of the sympathetic nervous system and plays a critical role in the regulation of bladder function, particularly by facilitating the relaxation of the detrusor muscle and contraction of the internal urethral sphincter, which helps control urine storage and release.

Understanding the specific spinal segments from which the hypogastric nerve arises is essential for diagnosing and treating disorders of micturition. Since the origin of this nerve spans multiple vertebrae, it highlights the complexity of autonomic control over bladder function and the necessity for a comprehensive understanding of the neuroanatomy involved in urinary regulation.